Consensual acts by adults that break legal rules but do not involve or harm a third party

Results from an interaction between economic disadvantage (and related stress), cultural attitudes that encourage conflict, and an absence of neighbourhood or community cohesion

Involves attempts to gain money or property

Calculated, planned ways of making a living that involve committing offences for material benefit

Committed by corporations or by individual business people in their own interests, often at the expense of the larger corporate body

Often carried out in public places by amateur criminals, including acts of shoplifting, vandalism, break and enter, and car theft

The experience of being made a victim of a crime or unjust treatment

Individual lifestyle and social affiliations, including how and where people spend their time, largely influences risks of victimization

People with high-risk lifestyles are more likely to be victimized than people with lowrisk lifestyles

People create their own risks of being victimized, through verbal provocation, body language, wearing certain types of clothes, etc.

Parental neglect or abuse, family unemployment, socioeconomic marginalization, and inadequate education

Includes criminal knowledge and skill, but also describes social embeddedness in a community of young people for whom crime is a necessary way of life

Young people who become involved in gangs and other deviant subcultures often become trapped in lifestyles that are hard to ese